Pet Advice

Dogs and puppies

Fleas and ticks

Fleas are very common parasites found in many places, including the home, the garden and the park. Adult fleas lay eggs which hatch in the environment and develop into larvae, then pupae. These develop into adult fleas which hop onto your dog (and sometimes people!) for a feed of blood. They cause itching and irritation but can also transmit tapeworm and other serious diseases to both pets and family members.

Ticks are another blood-sucking parasite which can also spread disease in both people and pets. Although more commonly found in areas with long grass, they can also be lurking in urban and country gardens. When they bite, they attach themselves firmly and can remain in place for days feeding, causing pain and irritation. Pets that have travelled abroad need to be treated for ticks before they return to the UK to prevent the introduction of European tick species and the spread of certain tick-borne diseases.

• How do I know if my dog has fleas or ticks?

Fleas will cause skin irritation as they move around and bite your dog, resulting in itchiness which causes excessive scratching, licking or nibbling. This scratching can result in reddened patches, scabs, flakiness, and sometimes hair loss and skin infections. These bald patches are often found on the pet’s back, towards the rump, but they can develop sores around their head, neck and belly too.

You can look for fleas by pushing or combing back the hair, particularly over the rump area, and you may see some running around. You can also look for flea droppings, which appear as tiny blackish specks in the coat. If these turn orangey-red when placed onto moistened tissue and squeezed, you’ll know they’re flea droppings rather than normal dirt.

Ticks are often found around a pet’s legs and head but they can attach themselves anywhere on the body. When they first attach they are only a few millimetres in size, but as they fill with blood they can reach nearly a centimetre. Ticks are sometimes mistaken for small growths or warts, but if you look closely, you will see their legs next to the dog’s skin.

• How do I stop my dog from getting fleas or ticks?

Prevention is the best tactic, as your pet can pick up fleas almost anywhere – in the house (they often lie deep in furniture, carpets, etc), in the garden or park. And now with central heating fleas can happily live in our homes throughout the winter so it’s best to treat your dog for fleas all year round.

Regular treatment of your pet with FRONTLINE Spot On will help to prevent a flea infestation, by killing any adult ones that hop on. It will also ensure that any ticks that attach to your dog’s skin will die and drop off within 48 hours.

Some flea treatments target both the adult flea and any eggs they might lay, so that you get fewer eggs hatching out in the environment. Ask your vet about the most suitable treatment for your pet.

• How do I get rid of fleas or ticks from my dog?

To tackle fleas, you will need to treat both your dog and your home, as 95% of the flea problem will be in the environment, such as in furniture, carpets, cracks and crevices in floorboards. FRONTLINE Spot On kills new adult fleas within 24 hours as they continue to jump onto your dog from the home environment. You should also turn up your central heating, vacuum the house and wash your dog’s bedding regularly – all these actions will encourage the flea pupae to emerge from their hiding places.

If your pet has one or more live ticks, don’t try to pull them off. The mouthparts are firmly embedded in the skin and pulling will detach the body and leave the head which can then become infected. Treat with a tick-killing treatment such as FRONTLINE Spot On or ask your vet for advice.

• When should I treat my dog for fleas?

It’s best to regularly treat your dog for fleas all year round. And now, with central heating, fleas can happily live in our homes throughout the winter so it’s best to treat your dog for fleas all year round.

• Can fleas or ticks live on me or bite me?

Most of the time, dog fleas will hop onto and bite your pet, but they will sometimes bite people, particularly if there are a lot around. You could be bitten anywhere on your body, but it’s most often around your ankles and lower legs. The skin can be itchy and red around the bite.

Ticks can bite and attach themselves to people too, where they can cause severe reactions and can spread tick-borne diseases. However a tick won’t jump from your pet to you. Most commonly people pick them up walking bare-legged through areas of long grass.

• My dog keeps scratching, but I can’t see any fleas. What might be going on?

Even though you might not see any fleas on your pet’s coat, it might still have them – they are fast moving and can be very hard to spot in the coat. However, there are numerous other causes of itchy skin in pets; if you are fairly convinced there are no fleas about you should take your dog to the vet to see what might be causing the problem.

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Worms

Both dogs and cats can be infested with worms. The most common types of worms are roundworms, hookworms and tapeworms. Your dog could pick these up if they eat worm eggs passed by other infected pets, eat an infected flea during grooming, or if they eat a small rodent which carries tapeworm.

Worm eggs can remain infective for many years, long after the faeces have disappeared. The signs of worm infestation can be vomiting or diarrhoea, but some pets don’t show any signs at all. Dog worms can be passed to people, where they can cause serious disease, so it’s especially important to worm your pet regularly.

• How do I know if my dog has worms?

Worms live or multiply in the intestine where they can go undetected but worm eggs are passed in the faeces. Roundworms will occasionally be seen in the stools as whitish long worms, but most often they’ll be passed on through eggs that won’t be easily seen. Tapeworm segments are sometimes seen in the faeces and can look like grains of rice.

The signs of a worm infestation can vary. Some dogs will be symptomless. Others can show constipation, vomiting (occasionally with worms in the vomit) or diarrhoea (sometimes with blood). Tapeworms can cause irritation around the bottom and your pet may scoot its bottom along the floor or nibble at it.

Puppies are very often born with worms which are passed on from their mother. If they’re not treated they can have digestive difficulties, swollen tummies, a poor coat or show poor growth.

• How do I stop my dog from getting worms?

You need to treat your dog with a worming treatment that kills all the common types of worms. Your vet will be able to advise you on effective treatments and how often to treat. Because the wormer will only kill the worms present at that point in time, you need to worm regularly to prevent re-infection.

You should also regularly clean your pet’s bedding and pick up after your dog in parks and your garden. Regularly treating your pet for fleas will also help to stop the spread of tapeworm, which is passed on by fleas.

• How do I get rid of worms from my dog?

Pets can be infected with several different types of worm, so it’s best to use a broad-spectrum wormer which kills the most common types. Your vet will be able to advise you on effective treatments and how often to treat. Because the wormer will only kill the worms present at that point in time, you need to worm regularly to prevent re-infection.

Tapeworms and fleas are very closely associated, because pets are infected by swallowing a flea that’s infected with a larval form of the tapeworm. That’s why it’s important to treat your dog for fleas at the same time as treating for tapeworm.

• How often should I treat my dog for worms?

Worming treatments only kill the worms present at that point in time, so it’s important that you treat your dog for worms regularly. Your vet will be able to advise you on how often you should de-worm your pet.

Puppies are often infected with worms from their mum via the milk, and even in the womb before they’re born. That’s why they need very regular worming at an interval recommended by your vet. It’s particularly important to keep to the recommended intervals as re-infection may occur.

• Can I catch dog worms from my pet?

Yes. Some dog worms are infectious to people and can cause serious illness. Children are at a higher risk, as they can touch and ingest worm eggs while playing in areas that have been contaminated by faeces, e.g. the park or playground, or sometimes by playing with puppies which have not been wormed. You won’t always know if your pet has worms, so it’s important to de-worm regularly.

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Diet

What you feed your dog has a big impact on its health. These days there is a large selection of commercial pet food available in different formats such as dry and wet, which offer balanced nutrition and convenience. Every pet life stage is catered for, and you can now find food to suit your pet if they have special needs, such as dental problems, or if they are prone to tummy problems or weight gain.

• How do I choose a food for my dog?

There are many commercial pet foods available to choose from. A ‘complete’ food will have all the nutrients in it that your dog needs and will state ‘complete’ on the label. It’s best to feed a good-quality food which is suitable for the lifestage of your dog, i.e. puppy, adult or senior, as these will have specific levels of nutrients tailored for optimum health.

Wet, semi-moist and dry foods are available, and can come in pouches, trays, cans and bags. You might want to consider a dry complete food if you’re looking for convenience and less mess. Always make sure that your dog has constant access to clean, fresh water, especially if they’re only fed dry food. Wet food can be fed on its own or mixed with a dry ‘mixer’ biscuit.

Dog foods tend to fall into two categories – ‘grocery’ type foods found in shops and supermarkets, and premium foods found in vet practices, pet shops, pet superstores, and increasingly in some online pet stores. Generally premium foods use higher quality ingredients and are therefore more expensive.

• When should my puppy move onto adult food?

The timing can vary with the breed type and size and also the brand of food fed. Smaller dogs tend to reach maturity quicker, while large and giant breed dogs grow more slowly. Ask your vet for advice, but in most cases the bony growth plates (where the lengthening and growth takes place) will be fused by 12 months and most puppies can then make the transition to adult food.

• My dog is gaining weight, what should I do?

If you’re suspicious that your pet is gaining weight, then it probably is! You can tell if your dog is at its ideal weight, or over- or underweight by checking its body condition score (BCS). All you need to do is run your hands over your pet’s ribs and body and compare the results on the BCS charts and guidelines which are available online from a number of websites.

Your vet will be able to advise you as to what your pet’s ideal weight should be and how much it needs to lose. If your dog is slightly overweight, then you may be able to help them lose weight by cutting down their calorie intake (no treats or human food) and increasing their exercise. If there is more than just a little weight to lose, then a special low-calorie food can be given, which is designed for weight loss and stops your pet going hungry. Never cut down your pet’s food without guidance and don’t allow your dog to starve in order to lose weight.

• My dog is getting old, what should I be feeding him?

As a dog gets older, its nutritional needs will change. Wear and tear on organs will mean that their bodies will be less adaptable to different nutrients. In general ‘senior’ foods for older pets will have controlled levels of certain nutrients such as salt and some minerals such as phosphorus, and occasionally protein.

Many senior foods are suitable to be fed from 7 years old. Some brands have ‘mature’ foods designed to be fed from 7 until about 10 years, after which senior food can be given.

‘Light’ senior foods are available if your dog is prone to weight gain. Weight loss in an older dog can be a sign of underlying disease, so it’s best to have regular check-ups by your vet, who can recommend an appropriate food.

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Vaccinations

It’s really important to vaccinate your dog to help protect them from certain infectious diseases that can cause serious illness or even be fatal. Your vet will be able to recommend an individual vaccination schedule for your dog which takes into account their risk of the disease and their age and current state of health.

• What vaccinations should my dog have?

There are several vaccines that are recommended for every dog to have. These generally give a strong immunity and help to protect your dog against some serious and highly infectious diseases. These include Canine Distemper Virus, Canine Parvovirus and Infectious Canine Hepatitis. Vaccination against Leptospirosis is also highly recommended. Your vet may also recommend additional vaccines if they feel your dog may have a higher risk or exposure to other diseases – for example, Rabies (in the UK this is required for pets travelling and returning from abroad) and kennel cough.

• At what age should my puppy be vaccinated and when can he go out?

This depends on several factors, including your puppy’s health and the amount of immunity it’s inherited from its mum through the milk. Your vet will be able to advise you what vaccination programme is best for your puppy. Most vaccine programmes start from eight weeks of age. The final vaccine course can depend on the other vaccines given and the manufacturer but it’s usually from around 12 weeks. You should allow two weeks after the final vaccine before your puppy goes out and about.

• How often does my dog need to be vaccinated?

Your vet will be able to advise you what vaccination programme is best for your dog.

• My dog is overdue its vaccinations. Do I need to start them over again?

This depends on how long it’s been since your dog’s last vaccinations. Some vaccinations provide immunity for a year and others for several years. Your vet will be able to tell you whether you need to restart your course of vaccinations. With puppies, several injections may be needed, depending on the age of your dog and the diseases you are vaccinating against.

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Exercise

Regular exercise will benefit your dog in many ways. It provides mental stimulation for them and helps to keep them fit and at a healthy weight.

• How much exercise should I give my dog?

This depends on your dog’s age, its breed and also its health.

Younger dogs will need more exercise than older dogs, and some breeds such as Border Collies like to have plenty of exercise to keep them happy and settled. Older dogs can sometimes have stiff joints, which may mean they can’t exercise as much, but some gentle regular exercise can help to keep them mobile. Owners of obese dogs should speak to their vet before starting an exercise programme.

Most dogs will need at least one walk a day. Try to walk for a minimum of 20 minutes. Your vet will be able to advise you on the best amount and type of exercise for your dog.

• How much exercise should I give my puppy?

Puppies seem to have endless energy but they can get quite tired after a lot of exercise. You should try to give them a few short walks a day, which can get longer as they grow. It’s important not to over-exercise your puppy as their bones and joints are still developing. Your vet will be able to advise you on the best amount and type of exercise for your puppy.

• In what ways can I exercise my dog?

You can exercise your dog in many different ways and in different terrains. Walking your dog regularly on or off lead, depending on the safety of the environment, will help to keep your dog fit and its weight in check.

There are also toys such as balls on rope to give your dog for retrieving exercise, which they really enjoy. Never throw a stick for your dog – the stick could splinter and get stuck in their throat, causing serious injury.

Swimming is also good exercise for dogs, but don’t underestimate the effort it takes. Dogs which are overweight or stiff can benefit from hydrotherapy as it is non-weight bearing, but do seek guidance from a trained therapist. Your vet will be able to advise you on the best amount and type of exercise for your dog.

• My dog is old. Should he still get exercised?

Some regular gentle exercise can help to keep elderly dogs mobile. Avoid long weekend walks if your dog hasn’t been used to getting regular exercise during the week.

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Fireworks

Some pets can get very upset by the loud banging and shrieking of fireworks and even a normally placid dog can become very unsettled. Signs of distress can include pacing, panting, yawning and licking their lips. If your dog gets very distressed, talk to your vet about fireworks phobia and they may be able to refer you to an accredited behaviourist for help.

• Firework season is coming. What can I do to stop my dog getting upset?

If firework season hasn’t started then you’ve got time to work on acclimatising your dog to the noise. You can get CDs and downloads of firework noises and play them regularly to help get your dog used to the sounds. It’s best to start off with a low sound level, just loud enough for your dog to hear but not to be alarmed by it. Then gradually every few nights turn the volume up slightly, but only when your pet is used to the previous sound level and is now ignoring it. The key is to go about your everyday routine while this is happening, so that your dog gets used to this as ‘normal’ background noise. Your vet will be able to help you in finding a suitable CD.

Building a den or ‘safe’ area where your dog has somewhere they can go and feel secure can help too. You can use this area on the run-up to firework season and while you’re playing the firework noise CD or download.

A doggy crate is ideal, but it should allow your dog to stand up and move around. You can soundproof it with blankets above and underneath to cut out vibrations but always ensure it’s well ventilated and that the door is open. Your dog may choose a different bolt-hole – go with where they feel most secure and comfortable.

There are herbal and pheromone remedies available which can help to soothe your dog, such as the D.A.P. sprays and diffusers. Your vet will be able to advise you on their use. Tranquillising medications are sometimes prescribed. Keep in mind that some medications only deal with the outward signs of stress, but your dog may still be very fearful.

• What can I do to calm my dog when fireworks go off?

Try to make the environment as soundproofed as possible, with curtains drawn and blankets over doors or windows. Turn on the TV or radio for some distracting noise – you should have it a little louder than normal but be sure to tell the neighbours in advance! A radio switched on in adjacent rooms with a different channel can make individual firework noises harder to distinguish.

It’s important to act normally too – use a happy tone of voice and go about your normal routine. Play with your dog with their favourite toy or game to distract them. If your dog is used to being trained with food, then practising this can help to distract them, particularly if your dog is food-motivated.

Remember not to scold or tell your dog off – they are exhibiting a normal fear reaction.

• I’d like to go out to a firework display. Is there anything I can do before I leave my dog to help him stay calm?

Start before the firework season to get your dog acclimatised to the firework noises and get their den ready. You might want to ask a familiar friend or neighbour to come in and doggy-sit while you’re out on the evening. Practising leaving your dog alone during the acclimatisation period for short lengths of time will get them used to being without you. Gradually build up the length of time away. Don’t make a fuss of your dog when you come back in because this will reinforce any anxiety they may have felt. You want your absence to be ‘normal’.

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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis can affect dogs of all ages, although it’s more common in older animals, and large breeds are at greater risk because of the greater stresses placed on their joints. Over time the disease will get worse but there’s a lot that can be done to help pets to feel comfortable and stay mobile. Your vet will be able to recommend a programme to help manage your dog’s osteoarthritis which may include medication, food or supplements, weight control and changes to your pet’s environment.

• What is osteoarthritis?

Canine osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease that affects the soft tissues and the bones of a joint. It’s associated with inflammation and pain and a decrease in flexibility and mobility of affected joints.

Osteoarthritis can occur at any age, but it’s more common in older animals, with up to one in five dogs affected. Although large and giant breed dogs are at increased risk, small and medium-sized dogs also suffer from the disease.

• How do I know if my pet has osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis causes pain and a decrease in the mobility of affected joints. The signs of osteoarthritis are not always easy to see. That’s because dogs are ‘genetically programmed’ not to show pain. In addition, individual dogs respond to pain in different ways, depending on factors such as age, general health and breed. Typical signs include stiffness, for example when getting up after resting, and a reluctance to run around, jump or sometimes even walk.

The stiffness in their shoulder or hip joints can lead to dogs being reluctant to climb steps or stairs and limping can be common, depending on the joint affected. Some dogs may appear to sleep more and stay in their beds longer, and they may be sensitive to stroking or petting a sore area and react suddenly, including snapping or yelping.

If you think that your dog may have osteoarthritis, seek help from your vet.

• Is there anything I can give my dog to help with osteoarthritis?

Many people think that slowing down is a natural part of ageing in their pet. However there is a lot that can be done to keep your dog mobile and maintain a good quality of life. Your vet will be able to recommend a programme to help manage your pet’s condition. As part of this they may prescribe some anti-inflammatory medication to help soothe the joints and ease any pain. It’s important to remember to give your dog its medication at the right frequency and dose, so that they stay as comfortable as possible. Supplements such as SUPLENEO flex, which contains glucosamine, chondroitin and mixed tocopherols, are also available to help maintain mobility.

• What else can I do to help my pet with osteoarthritis?

Your vet will be able to recommend a programme to help manage the signs associated with osteoarthritis and advise you on exercise and any changes you need to make to your dog’s environment. You could put in steps or ramps to help your dog get in and out of the house, or cover any slippery floors with mats or rugs for better grip. Make your dog’s bed as comfortable as possible with deep bedding and plenty of space to stretch out.

It’s important to not let your dog become overweight. This puts more stress on their joints and can worsen the osteoarthritis. If your dog is already overweight then speak to your vet about a weight loss programme.

• My dog has osteoarthritis. Should I exercise him?

Regular gentle exercise will help your dog to stay mobile. Your vet will be able to advise you how much exercise your dog needs and what type of exercise is best.

For further information about osteoarthritis in dogs, please visit www.osteoarthritisindogs.co.uk.

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Puppies

Puppies are a lot of fun and will grow up to be good and loyal companions. Looking after a dog can help children to learn about responsibility and being kind. Do your research beforehand to make sure that you have the time to walk and look after your dog, and choose a breed which suits your personality and lifestyle. Dogs should not generally be left alone at home all day if you are out working full time. Besides the cost of the puppy itself there are other expenses you need to think about, such as feeding, vaccinations, microchipping, insurance and regular flea and worm treatments. Keeping a dog is very rewarding but it can also be expensive.

• I’m thinking of getting a puppy. How do I choose a breed?

There are over 200 breeds of dog in the UK. Different breeds will display different physical characteristics and personalities and it’s important to choose a breed which suits your lifestyle, your personality and your pocket. Some breeds are better with children and with other dogs and cats, and others require lots of exercise to keep them happy. Large and giant breed dogs cost more to feed and vets’ bills can be higher. The Kennel Club website www.thekennelclub.org.uk offers a lot of information and you can meet dogs of every breed and chat with their owners and breeders at events such as Crufts and Discover Dogs. Speak to family and friends who have dogs that you might be interested in and seek advice from your vet, who will have experience of many different breeds.

You may want to consider giving a home to a rescue dog. Visit your local centre and talk through the needs of a rescue dog. Some might have behavioural problems which will require extra effort on your part to help them settle in. Your local centre will be able to help match you with a dog to suit your personality and lifestyle.

• Where should I get my puppy from?

It’s best to buy your puppy from a reputable breeder. The Kennel Club runs an accredited breeding club whose members follow recommended breeding guidelines and health screening programmes. Breed societies will also be able to help direct you to breeders and give you contact details. A good breeder will let you come and see the puppy with its siblings and its mother, which will allow you to make judgments on the temperament and future health of the puppy you are taking on.

• What things do I need to do to keep my puppy healthy?

Visit your vet for a health check soon after you get your puppy. They will examine the puppy and alert you to any issues or treatments it needs or give it a clean bill of health.

Vaccinations against infectious diseases are essential as well as regular worming, as many puppies could have worms that they’ve inherited from their mum.

A good quality puppy food will help your puppy to grow well and stay healthy. Large breed puppies should have food which is specially formulated to keep their growth at a steady pace and to help avoid bone and joint problems. Your puppy will need regular walks, exercise and grooming – make sure that you build this time into your day.

In addition, you should consider pet insurance as vets’ bills can be costly. There are insurance policies to suit most pockets, but be aware that some cheaper policies may come with restrictions on what conditions they will cover or for how long.

Microchipping your dog is also a good idea as it can help to reunite your pet with you if it gets lost or stolen. A tiny chip is inserted under the skin by an injection (no sedation is necessary) and when scanned the chip can be linked to your contact details which are kept on a pet log database.

• What vaccinations should my puppy have?

Vaccinating your puppy is essential to help protect them from certain infectious diseases which cause serious illness or can even be fatal. Your vet will be able to recommend an individual vaccination schedule for your puppy which takes into account the risk of the disease to your pet and its age and health status.

There are several vaccinations which are recommended for puppies and these can often be given combined as one injection. Most puppies will need several injections as part of a course given a few weeks apart. Vaccinations are recommended against the following diseases: Canine Distemper Virus, Canine Parvovirus and Infectious Canine Hepatitis. Vaccination against Leptospirosis is also highly recommended. Vaccinations against Kennel Cough may also be recommended if your puppy is going into kennels soon after.

• At what age should my puppy be vaccinated and when can he go out?

This depends on several factors, including your puppy’s breed, health and the amount of immunity it’s inherited from its mum through the milk. Your vet will be able to advise you what vaccination programme is best for your puppy. Most vaccine programmes start from eight weeks of age. The final vaccine course can depend on the other vaccines given and the manufacturer but it’s usually from around 12 weeks. You should allow two weeks after the final vaccine before your puppy goes out and about.

• What should I feed my puppy?

Your puppy will need a food specially designed to support its growth, which will contain higher amounts of minerals, protein and fat. Often these will have ‘puppy’ on the label. Large and giant breed dogs (which will be over 25kgs when fully grown) should have a food which is formulated to keep their growth at a steady pace that will help to prevent bone and joint problems. A good quality food will be more digestible and this will help avoid tummy upsets and provide your puppy with all the nutrients it needs. If you are feeding a complete puppy food there’s no need for mineral or vitamin supplements as the food will already have adequate amounts in it.

• How do I treat my puppy for worms and fleas?

You should give your puppy good quality flea and worm treatments that are recommended by vets and healthcare professionals as these will be more effective. Initially you’ll need to treat your puppy several times for worms as they often have a worm burden from their mum. The recommended interval will depend on the product used, but it’s often every two to four weeks.

Flea treatments are available in convenient spot-on formulations, which is helpful when trying to apply to a wriggly puppy. Most formulations can be applied by simply parting the hair over the neck or shoulders where your puppy can’t turn round and lick it off, and applying the liquid directly to the skin in one spot. Fleas are easily picked up when your puppy goes out and about, so it’s a good idea to treat for them regularly at the interval suggested on the packet, so they don’t get a chance to establish in your house.

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Children and pets

Keeping a pet can help your child to learn about empathy and nurturing and research shows that children can benefit in many ways, socially, emotionally and physically. Pet ownership can lead to a lower incidence of hay fever and asthma, and they’ll be less likely to develop animal allergies if they’re exposed to pets in the first year of their life. (Source: www.scas.org.uk). The Blue Cross charity has a good website (www.bxkids.org.uk ) which can help teach your children about pets and their behaviour.

• I’m thinking of getting a puppy. What breeds are good with children?

It’s important to choose a dog which will be suitable for you and your family. Take into account many factors including the number and age of your children, their personalities and your lifestyle. A good place to start your search is the Kennel Club website www.thekennelclub.org.uk where you can get general information on many different breeds. Once you have narrowed down your search and know which breeds interest you most, contact the Kennel Club directly, who will put you in touch with representatives from the Breed Societies. These are experts in the dogs’ characteristics and they will be able to advise you on the suitability of that breed for your family.

• Can my child catch anything from my dog?

Zoonoses are diseases which people can acquire from animals, where the person is usually an accidental host that’s caught the disease through close contact with an infected animal, who may or may not be showing signs. These diseases can include some types of worms, skin diseases like ringworm or scabies and rabies, which are the most feared zoonosis. The Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) stipulates that dogs travelling abroad should be vaccinated against rabies.

You shouldn’t let zoonoses put you off letting your child have a cat, as the risk is generally low for children that are in good health.

Teaching your child good hygiene around your dog will help to keep them healthy – washing their hands after playing with the dog, not allowing them to lick their hands or faces, avoiding the dog faeces outside or inside the house, using separate utensils and feeding dishes for the dog, etc.

Regular worming of your dog will also help to reduce the risk of worm transmission. Your vet will be able to advise you on the frequency of treatments, but it’s very important to keep this up. Be aware that worm eggs can remain viable for many years in the environment.

• How can I teach my child how to behave around dogs?

It’s important to teach your child to be gentle and behave sensibly around dogs – make sure they don’t run or scream around them, as the dog’s instinct may be to chase them. Also don’t allow your child to tease, pull tails or ears or try to climb on top of an animal.

The best method is to set a good example yourself by showing them how to care for a dog properly, including grooming, feeding and walking. Never approach a dog whose owner is not with it, and check with the owner if the dog is happy to be stroked. Allow the dog to sniff the child’s hands first and keep movements gentle and slow. Teach your children to recognise the danger signs if the pet isn’t happy.

Most dog bites happen in the child’s home with the family pet, so you should never leave your child alone with a dog.

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General health

• How can I keep my dog at a healthy weight?

Regularly check your dog’s weight and its body condition score (BCS) so that you can adjust the amount of food you give if your pet starts to gain a few pounds. There are websites which teach you how to do a simple assessment of their condition by running your hands over your dog’s ribs and back.

Your vet will often weigh your pet for free and give guidance on whether it needs to lose some weight. Keeping your pet at its ideal weight will mean that it’s healthier and less prone to developing diseases such as diabetes, osteoarthritis and respiratory disease. Don’t overfeed your dog and limit treats and snacks. Try to exercise your pet regularly, even if it’s kept indoors, with toys and games.

• Should I neuter my dog and if so, when is best to do it?

Aside from the obvious elimination of the risk of unwanted pregnancy, there are many other advantages to neutering your pet. These include health benefits such as preventing womb infections and mammary cancer as well as discouraging roaming and anti-social behaviour. Disadvantages can include weight gain and sometimes coat and temperament changes. Have a chat with your vet to see what they advise for your dog – they will also tell you what age is best to neuter at.

• How can I keep my dog’s skin and coat healthy?

Feeding your dog a good quality diet will help provide them with all the nutrients they need and produce a shiny, healthy coat. Some nutrients such as fatty acids can be beneficial if your dog is prone to dry, itchy or flaky skin. Regularly check your pet’s coat for parasites such as fleas or ticks which can cause skin irritation and treat regularly to prevent them. Grooming your dog regularly will also help to remove dead hair and prevent matting.

• What should I do to keep my dog’s mouth healthy?

Ideally, you should try to brush your pet’s teeth every day. As with ourselves, regular brushing helps to get rid of the bacteria which builds up in the mouth (plaque) and causes inflammation of the gums (gingivitis).

It’s best to get into a good habit of teeth brushing when your dog is young, but you can start any time. Your vet will be able to assess your pet’s teeth and show you how to brush them.

Raw-hide chews can be helpful, as well as some treats and food designed to clean teeth as the pet eats. Don’t give your dog bones to clean the teeth – these can cause tooth fractures if they are too hard and risk splintering.

• My dog has smelly breath. Is this normal?

Smelly breath can be an indication that your dog has a dental disease and you should ask your vet for advice. The easiest way to assess your pet’s mouth is to gently lift the lip at the side of the mouth and have a look at the teeth and gums. The teeth should be clean, relatively free of yellow plaque and whitish in colour and the gums should be pale pink and not swollen or reddened. Your vet will be able to get a good idea of your dog’s dental health by looking at their mouth during a regular examination, like when they’re having their vaccinations.

• Should I clean my dog’s ears?

Regular cleaning of your dog’s ears can help to remove the build-up of dirt and wax which can lead to ear infections. Make sure you always use a specially formulated pet ear cleaning preparation, which will be gentle and respect the skin’s pH, and wipe away any excess liquid with some cotton wool or tissue. Never put cotton wool buds down your dog’s ears as this can push any debris further down into the ear as well as risk perforating the ear drum.

• My dog scoots his bottom along the floor. Has he got worms?

This can be a sign of worms as they can sometimes irritate the skin around the anus. It’s also frequently a sign of anal sac irritation or impaction. These are little glandular sacs found to either side of the anus containing fluid, which normally empty with defecation. If they do not empty normally they can become irritated or even infected. Your vet will be able to examine and empty these if necessary and give advice on worming.

• My dog eats poo! Is it harmful and how can I stop him?

This is very common, particularly in puppies. Bitches will eat their puppies’ faeces while nursing so they can consider it to be normal dog behaviour. However, it’s not pleasant to watch, and can be a health threat to people if the dog then licks your face or hands. Picking up faeces quickly after your dog has toileted will help prevent it. If your dog does this commonly when out and about, you might have to consider keeping them on a lead in contaminated areas. If it’s happening very regularly then get your dog checked by a vet as some diseases can cause your dog to eat things it shouldn’t. However in most cases this is a behavioural problem and you can seek advice from a pet behaviourist – the Association of Pet Behavioural Counsellors www.apbc.org.uk will be able to help you find someone in your area.

• Do I need to cut my pet’s nails and if so how often?

Some pets will wear down their nails through regular walking and scratching. Give your dog plenty of exercise and include some road walking to help keep the nails in trim.

Some pets will need to have their nails trimmed, however. Your vet will be able to show you how to do this. Always use special pet clippers and avoid going too short as cutting to the quick will cause pain and bleeding.

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Cats and kittens

Fleas and ticks

Fleas are very common parasites found in many places, including the home, the garden and the park. Adult fleas lay eggs which hatch in the environment and develop into larvae, then pupae. These develop into adult fleas which hop onto your cat (and sometimes people!) for a feed of blood. They cause itching and irritation but can also help to transmit tapeworm and other serious diseases to both pets and family members.

Ticks are another blood-sucking parasite which can also spread disease in both people and pets. Although more commonly found in areas with long grass, they can also be lurking in urban and country gardens. When they bite, they attach themselves firmly and can remain in place for days feeding, causing pain and irritation. Pets that have travelled abroad need to be treated for ticks before they return to the UK to prevent the introduction of European tick species and the spread of certain tick-borne diseases.

• How do I know if my cat has fleas or ticks?

Fleas will cause skin irritation as they move around and bite your pet, resulting in itchiness which causes excessive grooming, scratching, licking or nibbling. This scratching and overgrooming can result in reddened patches, scabs, flakiness and sometimes hair loss and skin infections. These bald patches are often found on the cat’s back, towards the rump, but they can develop sores around their head, neck and belly too.

You can look for fleas by pushing or combing back the hair, particularly over the rump area, and you may see some running around. You can also look for flea droppings, which appear as tiny blackish specks in the coat. If these turn orangey-red when placed onto moistened tissue and squeezed, you’ll know they’re flea droppings rather than normal dirt.

Ticks are often found around a pet’s legs and head but they can attach themselves anywhere on the body. When they first attach they are only a few millimetres in size, but as they fill with blood they can reach nearly a centimetre. Ticks are sometimes mistaken for small growths or warts, but if you look closely, you will see their legs next to the cat’s skin.

• How do I stop my cat from getting fleas or ticks?

Prevention is the best tactic, as your cat can pick up fleas almost anywhere – in the house (they often lie deep in furniture, carpets, etc), in the garden or even the park. And now with central heating fleas can happily live in our homes throughout the winter so it’s best to treat your pet for fleas all year round.

Regular treatment of your cat with FRONTLINE Spot On will help to prevent a flea infestation, by killing any adult ones that hop on. It will also ensure that any ticks that attach to your cat’s skin will die and drop off within 48 hours.

Some flea treatments target both the adult flea and any eggs they might lay, so that you get fewer eggs hatching out in the environment. Ask your vet about the most suitable treatment for your pet.

• How do I get rid of fleas or ticks from my cat?

To tackle fleas, you will need to treat both your cat and your home, as 95% of the flea problem will be in the environment, such as in furniture, carpets, cracks and crevices in floorboards. . FRONTLINE Spot On kills new adult fleas within 24 hours as they continue to jump onto your cat from the home environment.

You should also turn up your central heating, vacuum the house and wash your cat’s bedding regularly – all these actions will encourage the flea pupae to emerge from their hiding places.

If you cat has one or more live ticks, don’t try to pull them off. The mouthparts are firmly embedded in the skin and pulling will detach the body and leave the head which can then become infected. Either treat with a tick-killing treatment such as FRONTLINE Spot On or ask your vet for advice.

• When should I treat my cat for fleas?

It’s best to regularly treat your cat for fleas all year round. Now with central heating fleas can happily live in our homes throughout winter so it’s best to treat your cat for fleas all year round.

• Can fleas or ticks live on me or bite me?

Most of the time, cat fleas will hop onto and bite your pet, but they will sometimes bite people, particularly if there are a lot around. You could be bitten anywhere on your body, but it’s most often around your ankles and lower legs. The skin can be itchy and red around the bite.

Ticks can bite and attach themselves to people too, where they can cause severe reactions and in some areas can spread tick-borne diseases. However a tick won’t jump from your cat to you. Most commonly people pick them up walking bare-legged through areas of long grass.

• My cat keeps scratching, but I can’t see any fleas. What might be going on?

Even though you might not see any fleas on your pet’s coat, it might still have them – they are fast moving and can be very hard to spot in the coat. However there are numerous other causes of itchy skin in pets; if you are fairly convinced there are no fleas about you should take your cat to the vet to see what might be causing the problem.

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Worms

Both dogs and cats can be infested with worms. The most common types of worms are roundworms and tapeworms. Your cat could pick these up if they eat worm eggs passed by other infected pets, eat an infected flea during grooming, or if they eat a small rodent which carries tapeworm.

Worm eggs can remain infective for many years, long after the faeces have disappeared. The signs of worm infestation can be vomiting or diarrhoea, but some pets don’t show any signs at all. Cat worms can be passed to people, where they can cause serious disease, so it’s especially important to worm your pet regularly.

• How do I know if my cat has worms?

Worms live or multiply in the intestine where they can go undetected but worm eggs are passed in the faeces. Roundworms will occasionally be seen in the stools as whitish long worms, but most often they’ll be passed on through eggs that won’t be easily seen. Tapeworms segments are sometimes seen in the faeces and can look like grains of rice.

The signs of a worm infestation can vary. Some cats will be symptomless. Others can show constipation, vomiting (occasionally with worms in the vomit) or diarrhoea (sometimes with blood).

Kittens are often infected early in life via their mother’s milk. If they’re not treated they can have digestive difficulties, swollen tummies, a poor coat or show poor growth.

• How do I stop my cat from getting worms?

You need to treat your cat with a worming treatment that kills all the common types of worms. Your vet will be able to advise you on effective treatments and how often to treat. Because the wormer will only kill the worms present at that point in time, you need to worm regularly to prevent re-infection.

Regularly treating your pet for fleas will also help to stop the spread of tapeworm, which is passed on by fleas.

• How do I get rid of worms from my cat?

You will need to use a worming treatment suitable for the type of worm. Because cats can be infected with several different types of worm, it’s best to use a broad-spectrum wormer which kills the most common types. Your vet will be able to advise you on effective treatments and how often to treat. Because the wormer will only kill the worms present at that point in time, you need to worm regularly to prevent re-infection.

Tapeworms and fleas are very closely associated, because pets are infected by swallowing a flea that’s infected with a larval form of the tapeworm. That’s why it’s important to treat your cat for fleas at the same time as treating for tapeworm.

• How often should I treat my cat for worms?

Worming treatments only kill the worms present at that point in time, so it’s important that you treat your cat for worms regularly. Your vet will be able to advise you on how often you should de-worm your pet.

Kittens are often infected with worms from their mum via the milk. That’s why they need very regular worming at an interval recommended by your vet. It’s particularly important to keep to the recommended intervals as re-infection may occur.

• Can I catch cat worms from my pet?

Yes. Some cat worms are infectious to people and can cause serious illness. Children are at a higher risk, as they can touch and ingest worm eggs while playing in areas that have been contaminated by faeces e.g. the park or playground. You won’t always know if your cat has worms, so it’s important to de-worm regularly.

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Diet

What you feed your cat has a big impact on its health. These days there is a large selection of commercial pet food available in different formats such as dry and wet, which offer balanced nutrition and convenience. Every pet life stage is catered for, and you can now find food to suit your cat if they have special needs, such as dental problems, or if they are prone to tummy problems or weight gain.

• How do I choose a food for my cat?

There are many commercial pet foods available to choose from. A ‘complete’ food will have all the nutrients in it that your cat needs and will state ‘complete’ on the label. It’s best to feed a good-quality food which is suitable for the life stage of your cat i.e. kitten, adult or senior, as these will have specific levels of nutrients tailored for optimum health.

Wet and dry foods are available and come in pouches, trays and bags. Many cats like meaty and fishy flavours. You might want to consider a dry complete food if you’re looking for convenience and less mess. Always make sure that your cat has constant access to clean, fresh water, especially if they’re only fed dry food.

Cat foods tend to fall into two categories – ‘grocery’ type foods found in shops and supermarkets, and premium foods found in pet shops, pet superstores, and increasingly in some online pet stores. Generally premium foods use higher quality ingredients and they are therefore more expensive.

• When should my kitten move onto adult food?

Most kittens can move onto adult food at a year old, although some brands manufacture foods for young adults which can be fed earlier, particularly following neutering. Ask your vet when it’s best for your cat to change to adult food.

• My cat is gaining weight, what should I do?

If you’re suspicious that your cat is gaining weight, then it probably is! You can tell if your pet is at its ideal weight, or over- or underweight by checking its body condition score (BCS). All you need to do is run your hands over your cat’s ribs and body and compare the results on the BCS charts and guidelines available online.

Your vet will be able to advise you as to what your cat’s ideal weight should be and how much it needs to lose. If your pet is slightly overweight, then you may be able to help them lose weight by cutting down their calorie intake (no treats or human food) and increasing their exercise. If there is more than just a little weight to lose, then a special low-calorie food can be given, which is designed for weight loss and stops your pet going hungry. Never cut down your pet’s food without guidance and don’t allow your pet to starve in order to lose weight.

Extra care needs to be taken with overweight cats as they can become seriously ill if they lose weight too quickly.

• My cat is getting old, what should I be feeding him?

As a pet gets older, its nutritional needs will change. Wear and tear on organs will mean that their bodies will be less adaptable to different nutrients. In general ‘senior’ foods for older cats will have controlled levels of certain nutrients such as salt and some minerals such as phosphorus, and occasionally protein.

Many senior foods are suitable to be fed from 7 years old. Some brands have ‘mature’ foods designed to be fed from 7 until about 10 years, after which senior food can be given.

‘Light’ senior foods are available if your pet is prone to weight gain. Weight loss in an older cat can be a sign of underlying disease, so it’s best to have regular check-ups by your vet, who can recommend an appropriate food.

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Vaccinations

It’s really important to vaccinate your cat to help protect them from certain infectious diseases that can cause serious illness or even be fatal. Your vet will recommend an individual vaccination schedule for your cat which takes into account their risk of disease, their age and their current state of health.

• What vaccinations should my cat have?

There are several vaccines that are recommended for every cat to have. These generally give a strong immunity and help to protect your cat against some serious and highly infectious diseases. These include Feline Parvovirus (also known as Feline Panleukopaenia) and vaccinations against feline upper respiratory disease, including Feline Herpes Virus and Feline Calicivirus. Vaccination against Feline Leukaemia is also highly recommended. Your vet may also recommend additional vaccines if they feel your cat may have a higher risk or exposure to other diseases – for example, Chlamydophila, Bordetella or Rabies (in the UK this is required for pets travelling and returning from abroad).

• At what age should my kitten be vaccinated?

This depends on several factors, including your kitten’s health and the amount of immunity it’s inherited from its mum through the milk. Your vet will advise you what vaccination programme is best for your kitten. Most vaccine programmes start from eight weeks of age, although in some cases kittens can be vaccinated from six weeks. The final vaccine course can depend on the other vaccines given and the manufacturer but it’s usually from around 12 weeks. You should allow two weeks after the final vaccine before your kitten goes out and about.

• How often should my cat be vaccinated?

Your vet will advise you what vaccination programme is best for your cat. The frequency of re-vaccination will depend on several factors, including the risk of disease where you live and your cat’s own immunity. Some cats respond better to vaccination and sustain immunity for longer than others. Feline respiratory disease is a very complex disease in cats and, even when vaccinated, some cats may still succumb to it. However, in these cats, vaccination will reduce the severity of the disease. Most vets will advise booster vaccinations a year after the initial kitten course and then annual vaccination thereafter.

• My cat is overdue its vaccinations. Do I need to start them over again?

This depends on how long it’s been since your cat’s last vaccinations. Your vet will be able to tell you whether you need to restart your course of vaccinations. With kittens, several injections may be needed, depending on the age of your cat and the diseases you’re vaccinating against.

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Fireworks

Some pets can get very upset by the loud banging and shrieking of fireworks. If your cat gets very distressed, talk to your vet about firework phobia and they may be able to refer you to an accredited behaviourist for help.

• My cat hates fireworks. Is there anything I can do to help her?

If firework season hasn’t started then you’ve got time to work on acclimatising your cat to the noise. You can get CDs and downloads of firework noises and play them regularly to help get your cat used to the sounds. It’s best to start off with a low sound level, just loud enough for your cat to hear but not to be alarmed by it. Then gradually every few nights turn the volume up slightly, but only when your pet is used to the previous sound level and is now ignoring it. The key is to go about your everyday routine while this is happening, so that your cat gets used to this as ‘normal’ background noise. Your vet will be able to help you in finding a suitable CD.

Building a den or ‘safe’ area where your cat has somewhere they can go and feel secure can help too. You can use this area on the run-up to firework season and while you’re playing the firework noise CD or download.

There are also feline pheromone sprays and plug-ins such as Feliway which may help to soothe your cat.

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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis can affect pets of all ages, although it’s more common in older animals. Over time the disease will get worse but there’s a lot that can be done to help pets to feel comfortable and stay mobile. Your vet will be able to recommend a programme to help manage your cat’s arthritis which may include medication, food or supplements, weight control and changes to their environment.

• What is osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the joints, resulting from injury to the cartilage or cushioning material at the end of the bones where they rub together. It’s associated with inflammation and pain and a decrease in flexibility and mobility of affected joints. Although it was once thought to be a disease which mostly affected dogs, it’s now known that cats can suffer from osteoarthritis too.

• How do I know if my cat has osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis causes pain and a decrease in the mobility of affected joints. Typical signs include stiffness, for example when getting up after resting, and a reluctance to run around, jump or sometimes even walk.

The stiffness in their shoulder or hip joints can lead to cats being reluctant to climb steps or stairs, and with the difficulty of jumping onto their favourite windows or chairs, they might start sleeping in unusual places with lower and easier access. Some pets may also appear to sleep more and stay in their bed longer.

The pain caused by osteoarthritis can also mean that a cat can’t groom properly and sometimes their coat may become unkempt or get matted.

• Is there anything I can give my cat to help with osteoarthritis?

Many people think that slowing down is a natural part of ageing in their pet. However, there is a lot that can be done to keep your cat mobile and maintain a good quality of life. Your vet will be able to recommend a programme to help manage your pet’s condition. As part of this they may prescribe some anti-inflammatory medication to help soothe the joints and ease any pain. It’s important to remember to give your cat its medication at the right frequency and dose, so that they stay as comfortable as possible. Supplements are also available to help maintain mobility.

• What else can I do to help my cat with osteoarthritis?

Your vet will be able to recommend a programme to help manage the signs associated with osteoarthritis and advise you on exercise and any changes you need to make to your cat’s environment. You could put in steps or ramps to help your cat get in and out of the house, and to their favourite places. Make your pet’s bed is as comfortable as possible with deep bedding and plenty of space to stretch out.

It’s important not to let your cat become overweight. This puts more stress on their joints and can worsen the osteoarthritis. If your cat is already overweight then speak to your vet about a weight loss programme.

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Children and pets

Keeping a pet can help your child to learn about empathy and nurturing and research shows that children can benefit in many ways, socially, emotionally and physically. Pet ownership can lead to a lower incidence of hay fever and asthma, and they’ll be less likely to develop animal allergies if they’re exposed to pets in the first year of their life. (Source: www.scas.org.uk). The Blue Cross charity has a good website (www.bxkids.org.uk ) which can help teach your children about pets and their behaviour.

• Can my child catch anything from my cat?

Zoonoses are diseases which people can acquire from animals, where the person is usually an accidental host that’s caught the disease through close contact with an infected animal, who may or may not be showing signs. These diseases can include some types of worms, skin diseases like ringworm or scabies and rabies, which are the most feared zoonosis. The Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) stipulates that cats travelling abroad should be vaccinated against rabies.

You shouldn’t let zoonoses put you off letting your child have a cat, as the risk is generally low for children that are in good health.

Teaching your child good hygiene around your cat will help to keep them healthy – washing their hands after playing with the cat, avoiding the cat faeces outside or inside the house, using separate utensils and feeding dishes for the cat, etc.

Regular worming of your cat will also help to reduce the risk of worm transmission. Your vet will be able to advise you on the frequency of treatments, but it’s very important to keep this up. Be aware that worm eggs can remain viable for many years in the environment.

• How can I teach my child how to behave around cats?

It’s important to teach your child to be gentle and behave sensibly around pets – don’t allow them to tease, pull tails or ears or try to climb on top of an animal. The best way is to set a good example yourself by showing them how to care for a cat properly, including grooming and feeding.

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General health

• How can I keep my cat at a healthy weight?

Regularly check your cat’s weight and its body condition score (BCS) so that you can adjust the amount of food you give if your pet starts to gain a few pounds. There are websites which teach you how to do a simple assessment of their condition by running your hands over your cat’s ribs and back.

Your vet will often weigh your pet for free and give guidance on whether it needs to lose some weight. Keeping your pet at its ideal weight will mean that it’s healthier and less prone to developing diseases such as diabetes, osteoarthritis and respiratory disease. Don’t overfeed your cat and limit treats and snacks. Try to exercise your pet regularly, even if it’s kept indoors, with toys and games.

• Should I neuter my cat and if so, when is best to do it?

Aside from the obvious elimination of the risk of unwanted pregnancy, there are many other advantages to neutering your pet. These include health benefits such as preventing womb infections and mammary cancer as well as discouraging roaming and anti-social behaviour. Disadvantages can include weight gain and sometimes coat and temperament changes. Have a chat with your vet to see what they advise for your cat – they will also tell you what age is best to neuter at.

• How can I keep my cat’s skin and coat healthy?

Feeding your cat a good quality diet will help provide them with all the nutrients they need and produce a shiny, healthy coat. Some nutrients such as fatty acids can be beneficial if your cat is prone to dry, itchy or flaky skin. Regularly check your pet’s coat for parasites such as fleas or ticks which can cause skin irritation and treat regularly to prevent them. Grooming your cat regularly will also help to remove dead hair and prevent matting.

• What should I do to keep my cat’s mouth healthy?

Ideally, you should try to brush your pet’s teeth every day. As with ourselves, regular brushing helps to get rid of the bacteria which builds up in the mouth (plaque) and causes inflammation of the gums (gingivitis).

It’s best to get into a good habit of teeth brushing when your cat is young, but you can start any time. Your vet will be able to assess your pet’s teeth and show you how to brush them.

• My cat has smelly breath. Is this normal?

Smelly breath can be an indication that your cat has a dental disease and you should ask your vet for advice. The easiest way to assess your pet’s mouth is to gently lift the lip at the side of the mouth and have a look at the teeth and gums. The teeth should be clean, relative free of yellow plaque and whitish in colour, and the gums should be pale pink and not swollen or reddened. Your vet will be able to get a good idea of your cat’s dental health by looking at their mouth during a regular examination, like when they’re having their vaccinations.

• Should I clean my cat’s ears?

Regular cleaning of your cat’s ears can help to remove the build up of dirt and wax which can lead to ear infections. Make sure you always use a specially formulated pet ear cleaning preparation, which will be gentle and respect the skin’s pH, and wipe away any excess liquid with some cotton wool or tissue. Never put cotton wool buds down your cat’s ears as this can push any debris further down into the ear as well as increase the risk of perforating the ear drum.

• Do I need to cut my cat’s nails and if so how often?

Some pets will wear down their nails through regular walking and scratching. Cats should be allowed to scratch as this is normal behaviour for them and you could consider scratching posts and mats to save your furniture.

Some pets will need to have their nails trimmed, however. Your vet will be able to show you how to do this. Always use special pet clippers and avoid going too short as cutting to the quick will cause pain and bleeding.

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